1) Men's Health - Audience
2) Men's Health - Language and Representation
3) Men's Health - Industries and the impact of digital media
4) Oh Comely - Audience
5) Oh Comely - Language and Representation
6) Oh Comely - Industry case study
Friday 19 June 2020
Thursday 18 June 2020
‘Advertising assessment learner response’
Reflecting on your assessment, what media terminology, theory and Advertising CSPs do you most need to revise before your next Media exam? How will you do this?
I need to revise the Gauntlett gender theories, much of the gender identity theories such as Van Zoonen and Butler. I think flashcards are the best way to do this. More political and social referencing would be good too.
I need to revise the Gauntlett gender theories, much of the gender identity theories such as Van Zoonen and Butler. I think flashcards are the best way to do this. More political and social referencing would be good too.
Tuesday 9 June 2020
Oh Comely Industries case study - blog tasks
Work through the following tasks to complete your work on the Oh Comely magazine CSP. There are plenty of questions here but you will find the reading gives you a brilliant insight into a vital aspect of media - the power of independent institutions.
Iceberg Press
Visit the Iceberg Press website - particularly the Who Are We page and the Why Are We Here page. Read the content and then answer the following questions:
1) Why did the people behind Iceberg Press set it up?
"to usher in a new age for magazines and media brands"
2) What is the Iceberg Press mission statement? (It's on the Why Are We Here page and is a series of statements).
3) What are the two magazines that Iceberg Press publishes?
The Simple Things and Oh Comely
4) What similarities do you notice between The Simple Things magazine and Oh Comely?
Very niche and minimal magazines.
Mainly for a female market
5) What differences can you find between Hearst UK, publisher of Men's Health, and Iceberg Press?
There's more variety with Hearst as they cover more topics and focus on mainly healthy things whereas Iceberg only has two magazines and specialises in niche topics. Hearst covers both men and women and Iceberg is mainly for women.
Writer's Edit journal article
Read this excellent Writer's Edit academic journal article on the independent magazine industry and answer the following questions:
1) What is the definition of an independent print magazine?
The independent print magazine is characterised as “published without the financial support of a large corporation or institution in which the makers control publication and distribution…“independent” in spirit due to a maverick editor or publisher who leads the magazine in an exploratory, noncommercial direction”
2) What does Hamilton (2013) suggest about independent magazines in the digital age?
small independent magazines are secretly thriving in the digital age
3) What is the aim of Kinfolk magazine and what similarities can you draw with Oh Comely?
finding “ways for readers to simplify their lives, cultivate community and spend more time with their friends and family”
It unites people like OC does with a common cause they can all relate to
It caters towards a specific niche audience
The readership is somewhat the same
4) Why does the article suggest that independent magazines might be succeeding while global magazine publishers such as Bauer are struggling?
The transition to the digital space is difficult
5) How do independent magazines launch? Look at the example of Alphabet Family Journal.
It seemed like many parenting or family-related magazines featured a polished, picture-perfect home that was, quite simply, not at all like our own. So we set out to create an alternative: a family journal that celebrates the personal foundations of our homes in their many different forms”
They find an exploitable, niche market and cater their content towards them in a way that's both refreshing and enriching.
6) What does the article suggest about how independent publishers use digital media to target their niche audiences?
“people with expert knowledge of a special interest area can potentially take advantage of the low barriers to entry in the industry to originate their own magazine titles and use contract printers to create the finished product”
They use cookies and social media to target their audiences
7) Why is it significant that independent magazines are owned and created by the same people? How does this change the creative process and direction of the magazine?
It made and controlled by people who have the same passion which arguably gives them a positive and creative spin on it so they are motivated to put their efforts into it.
8) What does the article suggest regarding the benefits of a 'do-it-yourself' approach to creating independent magazines?
9) The article discusses the audience appeal of print. Why might audiences love the printed form in the digital age?
It feels more physical. The publisher name also gets into the new market, opening up possibilities for more commissions.
10) What are the challenges in terms of funding and distributing an independent magazine?
It is a problem when the concept behind the magazine is quite specific, therefore less people will be inclined to invest in it.
Irish Times feature
Now read this short feature in the Irish Times on the growth of independent magazines and answer the following questions:
1) Why are independent magazines so popular?
These are magazines that play with the form, from open binding to multiple paper stocks. Their subject matter is as diverse as their production techniques, from mental health to trans rights, from football to street wear. They are driven by a passion, both for their content, and the printed form, and thanks to technology, they are able to reach audiences around the world.
2) Why is the magazine publishing industry set up to favour the big global conglomerates?
Most of the revenue comes from advertising so they need a lot of money to pay for it.
3) What does the article suggest regarding finding an audience for an independent magazine?
It;s about subject scope. If your topic is too broad or too specific, then people won't be interested.
4) What are the challenges for magazine distributors?
Shipping boxes of magazines is expensive, and with publishers taking all the risk (they pay for both shipping, and if the magazines don’t sell, the price of shipping them back), it’s key that publishers focus on getting as many direct sales online as possible.
The cost of actually distributing them via a mainstream source is costly so the final copy needs to perfect and sellable.
5) The article suggests that many independent magazines only make money by diversifying into other products. What examples do they give?
Host events, sell merchandise and even set up social which will allow the ans to interact.
TCO interview with Ruth Jamieson
Finally, read this excellent interview on the TCO London website with Ruth Jamieson, who has written a book on the renaissance of the independent magazine sector. Answer the following questions:
1) Why does Ruth Jamieson suggest there's a renaissance in independent publishing?
It’s never been easier to start your own magazine and find an audience. There’s never been a better time to be a magazine fan. The whole ‘Print is dead’ narrative has turned out to be only half true.
2) What are the common themes for successful independent magazines?
Common themes are doing something no one else is doing, and offering something digital media can’t offer. That and great art direction and editorial, a focus on the reader rather than the advertiser, and having a strong, unique idea at the magazine’s core. Oh and investing in the magazine as an object, so, good paper stock, expert printing, well-researched, well-produced content. Overall, these magazines are defined by their attention to detail and commitment to lovingly crafting something people will want to keep forever rather than throw in the recycling bin the next day.
3) How many of these aspects can you find in Oh Comely? Make specific reference to the CSP pages where possible.
Niche aspect
offering a close and personal connection with the editorial team
unique idea in the feminist values
well put-together
attention to detail - art house photos - front cover
alternative/modern views on sexuality and gender - interviews
4) How does Jamieson see the future for the magazine industry?
5) How might this future impact Oh Comely? Do you think Oh Comely will survive the next five years - and why?
Yes because there is a growing cause for feminism, especially fourth-wave feminism, OC will be a great way to keep some entertainment as well as integrity in the community. Iceberg Press might be a bit hesitant as it's a small independent so it might not do economically well. Bringing in Hesmondhalgh commerce vs art argument, it might be sensible to keep OC going for a few more years if the income is decent, if not, I'm sure Iceberg will pull the plug.
Iceberg Press
Visit the Iceberg Press website - particularly the Who Are We page and the Why Are We Here page. Read the content and then answer the following questions:
1) Why did the people behind Iceberg Press set it up?
"to usher in a new age for magazines and media brands"
2) What is the Iceberg Press mission statement? (It's on the Why Are We Here page and is a series of statements).
It's all about the audience.
Chase the work, not the money.
Compromise isn't our friend.
We will always make time for ideas.
We are stronger when we work with others.
We want good people to work in a good place.
Every year we will help a cause that matters.
We believe in a thing called Print.
3) What are the two magazines that Iceberg Press publishes?
The Simple Things and Oh Comely
4) What similarities do you notice between The Simple Things magazine and Oh Comely?
Very niche and minimal magazines.
Mainly for a female market
5) What differences can you find between Hearst UK, publisher of Men's Health, and Iceberg Press?
There's more variety with Hearst as they cover more topics and focus on mainly healthy things whereas Iceberg only has two magazines and specialises in niche topics. Hearst covers both men and women and Iceberg is mainly for women.
Writer's Edit journal article
Read this excellent Writer's Edit academic journal article on the independent magazine industry and answer the following questions:
1) What is the definition of an independent print magazine?
The independent print magazine is characterised as “published without the financial support of a large corporation or institution in which the makers control publication and distribution…“independent” in spirit due to a maverick editor or publisher who leads the magazine in an exploratory, noncommercial direction”
2) What does Hamilton (2013) suggest about independent magazines in the digital age?
small independent magazines are secretly thriving in the digital age
3) What is the aim of Kinfolk magazine and what similarities can you draw with Oh Comely?
finding “ways for readers to simplify their lives, cultivate community and spend more time with their friends and family”
It unites people like OC does with a common cause they can all relate to
It caters towards a specific niche audience
The readership is somewhat the same
4) Why does the article suggest that independent magazines might be succeeding while global magazine publishers such as Bauer are struggling?
The transition to the digital space is difficult
5) How do independent magazines launch? Look at the example of Alphabet Family Journal.
It seemed like many parenting or family-related magazines featured a polished, picture-perfect home that was, quite simply, not at all like our own. So we set out to create an alternative: a family journal that celebrates the personal foundations of our homes in their many different forms”
They find an exploitable, niche market and cater their content towards them in a way that's both refreshing and enriching.
6) What does the article suggest about how independent publishers use digital media to target their niche audiences?
“people with expert knowledge of a special interest area can potentially take advantage of the low barriers to entry in the industry to originate their own magazine titles and use contract printers to create the finished product”
They use cookies and social media to target their audiences
7) Why is it significant that independent magazines are owned and created by the same people? How does this change the creative process and direction of the magazine?
It made and controlled by people who have the same passion which arguably gives them a positive and creative spin on it so they are motivated to put their efforts into it.
8) What does the article suggest regarding the benefits of a 'do-it-yourself' approach to creating independent magazines?
“The term “do-it-yourself/do-it-with-others” emphasises semiotic self-determination in how citizens formulate and live out their identities and actions as citizens” (Hartley 2010 241). It is through this collaboration that the concept of a magazine community is established.
9) The article discusses the audience appeal of print. Why might audiences love the printed form in the digital age?
It feels more physical. The publisher name also gets into the new market, opening up possibilities for more commissions.
10) What are the challenges in terms of funding and distributing an independent magazine?
It is a problem when the concept behind the magazine is quite specific, therefore less people will be inclined to invest in it.
Irish Times feature
Now read this short feature in the Irish Times on the growth of independent magazines and answer the following questions:
1) Why are independent magazines so popular?
These are magazines that play with the form, from open binding to multiple paper stocks. Their subject matter is as diverse as their production techniques, from mental health to trans rights, from football to street wear. They are driven by a passion, both for their content, and the printed form, and thanks to technology, they are able to reach audiences around the world.
2) Why is the magazine publishing industry set up to favour the big global conglomerates?
Most of the revenue comes from advertising so they need a lot of money to pay for it.
3) What does the article suggest regarding finding an audience for an independent magazine?
It;s about subject scope. If your topic is too broad or too specific, then people won't be interested.
4) What are the challenges for magazine distributors?
Shipping boxes of magazines is expensive, and with publishers taking all the risk (they pay for both shipping, and if the magazines don’t sell, the price of shipping them back), it’s key that publishers focus on getting as many direct sales online as possible.
The cost of actually distributing them via a mainstream source is costly so the final copy needs to perfect and sellable.
5) The article suggests that many independent magazines only make money by diversifying into other products. What examples do they give?
Host events, sell merchandise and even set up social which will allow the ans to interact.
TCO interview with Ruth Jamieson
Finally, read this excellent interview on the TCO London website with Ruth Jamieson, who has written a book on the renaissance of the independent magazine sector. Answer the following questions:
1) Why does Ruth Jamieson suggest there's a renaissance in independent publishing?
It’s never been easier to start your own magazine and find an audience. There’s never been a better time to be a magazine fan. The whole ‘Print is dead’ narrative has turned out to be only half true.
2) What are the common themes for successful independent magazines?
Common themes are doing something no one else is doing, and offering something digital media can’t offer. That and great art direction and editorial, a focus on the reader rather than the advertiser, and having a strong, unique idea at the magazine’s core. Oh and investing in the magazine as an object, so, good paper stock, expert printing, well-researched, well-produced content. Overall, these magazines are defined by their attention to detail and commitment to lovingly crafting something people will want to keep forever rather than throw in the recycling bin the next day.
3) How many of these aspects can you find in Oh Comely? Make specific reference to the CSP pages where possible.
Niche aspect
offering a close and personal connection with the editorial team
unique idea in the feminist values
well put-together
attention to detail - art house photos - front cover
alternative/modern views on sexuality and gender - interviews
4) How does Jamieson see the future for the magazine industry?
I think we’ll see more magazines come and go. But that the standard will continue to rise. There really hasn’t been a better time to be a magazine fan.
We’ll also see the mainstream starting to look more like the indies. They have to learn from independents if they want to survive. So, there’ll be more investment in content and more focus on producing a quality product, more collectable issues, a move away from trying to compete with the internet and towards doing things only print can do. We’ll also see mainstream magazine branching out beyond their print issues to offer other things, like events, products, educational programmes and experiences.
5) How might this future impact Oh Comely? Do you think Oh Comely will survive the next five years - and why?
Yes because there is a growing cause for feminism, especially fourth-wave feminism, OC will be a great way to keep some entertainment as well as integrity in the community. Iceberg Press might be a bit hesitant as it's a small independent so it might not do economically well. Bringing in Hesmondhalgh commerce vs art argument, it might be sensible to keep OC going for a few more years if the income is decent, if not, I'm sure Iceberg will pull the plug.
Monday 1 June 2020
Oh Comely Language and Representation: blog tasks
Language: close-textual analysis
Work through the following tasks to complete your close-textual analysis of the Oh Comely CSP pages:
Front cover
1) What do the typefaces used on the front cover suggest to an audience?
It's a small, closely-owned magazine
Niche topic
2) The words under the title introduce the content and topics addressed. What do these suggest about the potential audience of Oh Comely?
They're very inquisitive and they are young adults interested in media.
3) How do the cover lines use narrative to create enigma? What do the cover lines suggest about the magazine's content and audience?
It focuses on female empowerment and it creates a supportive feel among the feminist community
4) Write an analysis of the central image.
The colours used are mainly drab. Her black jacket is some sort of embroidered jacket which has come into fashion recently. The fact that her hair is short is also progressive as it's a stereotype that women should have long hair. Her earrings are quite noticeable which puts an emphasis on fashion as well?
5) What representation of gender can be found on this front cover?
A metro view of gender. The latest trends of fourth-wave feminism as well as political correctness are expressed greatly here.
Feature: Speaking Out
1) What does the headline and standfirst suggest about Oh Comely's feminist perspective?
It encourages its readers to stand up against male oppression. It makes the readers feel closer together as they unite in the cause of speaking out
2) What do the interviewees in this feature suggest about the values and ideologies that underpin this magazine?
They value the integrity in women to share their stories and they believe in the female gaze,which promotes women power.
3) How conventional is the page design in this feature? Why?
It's very simplistic and it diesn;t really have too much extra. Its readability is also made better by the simple layput of the text. The text is somewhat easy to read but it's managable.
4) Pick out specific aspects of this feature that subvert the stereotypical representation of women in the media. Are they different to what we may find in conventional women's lifestyle magazines such as Glamour or Cosmopolitan? Why is the absence of men a key feature of Oh Comely?
Women are often represented as complacent and subervient which is subverted by the fact that they're speaking out. They're different to things like Vogue or Cosmopoiltan because they focus on a postive feminist outlook as opposed to stereotypes. The abscence of men shows that this is not influenced whatsoever by them.
5) How does the photography offer a fresh or unusual perspective on women?
Something that would make them uncomfortable but is actually tackling a issue that strikes close to home for some feminists.
Feature: More than gender
1) How does this feature offer a fresh perspective on gender and identity?
Gender is subjective and that you are now able to indentify as anything you want because we live in a accepting society.
2) What is the significance of the writer and photographer? How does this fit with the Oh Comely brand?
The writer is there to give meaning and substance to the cause of the magazine and the photographer makes the cause come to life by visualising it.
3) What style of photography is used in this feature?
I would say it;s very artsy and simplistic with not a lot in there.
4) What representations of the transgender lifestyle can be found in this feature?
We can see here that they feel like it took a long time fir people to get used to their gender.
They talk about empowerement and how they find pride in living their lives even with a bit of abuse.
5) Why is the biographical information at the end of the article significant? (Clue: the writer is also an editor of a niche, creative magazine called Entitle).
It networks a lot of the niche magazine writers who will then have a better chance raising awareness about their interests. It also creates a personal relationship with the brand.
Representation and identity
Work through the following questions on representation and Oh Comely:
1) How do representations in Oh Comely challenge stereotypes?
They present feminism in a positive and influential light. Usually it;s shown as radical and never makes change but in this magazine it;s shown as a force than can influnce anyone.
2) What representations of race, ethnicity and nationality can be found in the 'Speaking Out' feature?
It also promotesthe idea that no religion disvalues femininity. The first lady to be interviewed was of Somali background and then presents her ethnicity as a different view to what would normally be said when talking abut female rights.
We can see an overall diverse line-up of writers and people who feature in OC.
3) What representation of women and femininity can be found in Oh Comely?
The dominant representation of women is that they are powerful and able to stand up against the patriarchy.
4) Why might Oh Comely deliberately under-represent men? (The absence of men in the magazine appears to be a largely deliberate move by the editors).
There are many magazines that value men as the winners of the world whereas there are very little that soley focus on women. They might under-represent men because they feel like they have been left out of a topic that focuses on fighting against male-dominated outlets.
5) Does Oh Comely fit into the possible fourth wave of feminism? Or is it evidence of post-feminism - that feminism is no longer needed?
It fits into 4th wave because it tackles issues surrounding the feminist community, they wouldn't do well if feminism didn't exist.
6) How does the 'More than gender' feature challenge Levi-Strauss's structuralist theory of binary opposition?
The feminist movement is multi-faceted and doesn't just rely on raising awareness.
7) Judith Butler argues gender is a performance. How does Oh Comely challenge traditional gender roles? You should refer to both the cover and the selected CSP features.
Gender is something these women, both writers and readers, have embraced. They build their idea of femininity around them while discovering the fundemental issues surrounding feminism. The cover page suggests that women make their beliefs and gender a part of their lifestyle. The features also oppose Butler's ideas as these women have embraced gender and not conformed to societal beliefs.
8) Liesbet van Zoonen has suggested women's bodies are objectified and artificially constructed to present women as passive and restricted to secondary roles. How does Oh Comely challenge this stereotypical representation of women in the media?
OC empowers women to feel proud about who they are. They have no bikini features or any get-fit-quick tips. It encourages women to speak up about issues regarding the feminist community so sexualising women wouldn't really be the right thing to do.
9) David Gauntlett argues that identity is becoming more fluid, media representations change over time and that there are generational differences. Does Oh Comely support this viewpoint?
Yes because if OC was released in the 60s, they would get tons of hate as there was just two genders, men and women. OC supports new and emerging movements which have all stemmed from the idea of gender fluidity. They cover progressive topics which definitely agree with Gauntlett's view.
10) It has been argued that Oh Comely is a far more open text (Stuart Hall - encoding and decoding/reception theory) with more room for negotiation in interpretation. Do you agree with this view? Why?
I agree with this view as because this is about feminism, we can bring in all the previous waves. It has a lot of information and context to give and this a more open topic with a variety of opinions such as Butler and Gauntlett.
Work through the following tasks to complete your close-textual analysis of the Oh Comely CSP pages:
Front cover
1) What do the typefaces used on the front cover suggest to an audience?
It's a small, closely-owned magazine
Niche topic
2) The words under the title introduce the content and topics addressed. What do these suggest about the potential audience of Oh Comely?
They're very inquisitive and they are young adults interested in media.
3) How do the cover lines use narrative to create enigma? What do the cover lines suggest about the magazine's content and audience?
It focuses on female empowerment and it creates a supportive feel among the feminist community
4) Write an analysis of the central image.
The colours used are mainly drab. Her black jacket is some sort of embroidered jacket which has come into fashion recently. The fact that her hair is short is also progressive as it's a stereotype that women should have long hair. Her earrings are quite noticeable which puts an emphasis on fashion as well?
5) What representation of gender can be found on this front cover?
A metro view of gender. The latest trends of fourth-wave feminism as well as political correctness are expressed greatly here.
Feature: Speaking Out
1) What does the headline and standfirst suggest about Oh Comely's feminist perspective?
It encourages its readers to stand up against male oppression. It makes the readers feel closer together as they unite in the cause of speaking out
2) What do the interviewees in this feature suggest about the values and ideologies that underpin this magazine?
They value the integrity in women to share their stories and they believe in the female gaze,which promotes women power.
3) How conventional is the page design in this feature? Why?
It's very simplistic and it diesn;t really have too much extra. Its readability is also made better by the simple layput of the text. The text is somewhat easy to read but it's managable.
4) Pick out specific aspects of this feature that subvert the stereotypical representation of women in the media. Are they different to what we may find in conventional women's lifestyle magazines such as Glamour or Cosmopolitan? Why is the absence of men a key feature of Oh Comely?
Women are often represented as complacent and subervient which is subverted by the fact that they're speaking out. They're different to things like Vogue or Cosmopoiltan because they focus on a postive feminist outlook as opposed to stereotypes. The abscence of men shows that this is not influenced whatsoever by them.
5) How does the photography offer a fresh or unusual perspective on women?
Something that would make them uncomfortable but is actually tackling a issue that strikes close to home for some feminists.
Feature: More than gender
1) How does this feature offer a fresh perspective on gender and identity?
Gender is subjective and that you are now able to indentify as anything you want because we live in a accepting society.
2) What is the significance of the writer and photographer? How does this fit with the Oh Comely brand?
The writer is there to give meaning and substance to the cause of the magazine and the photographer makes the cause come to life by visualising it.
3) What style of photography is used in this feature?
I would say it;s very artsy and simplistic with not a lot in there.
4) What representations of the transgender lifestyle can be found in this feature?
We can see here that they feel like it took a long time fir people to get used to their gender.
They talk about empowerement and how they find pride in living their lives even with a bit of abuse.
5) Why is the biographical information at the end of the article significant? (Clue: the writer is also an editor of a niche, creative magazine called Entitle).
It networks a lot of the niche magazine writers who will then have a better chance raising awareness about their interests. It also creates a personal relationship with the brand.
Representation and identity
Work through the following questions on representation and Oh Comely:
1) How do representations in Oh Comely challenge stereotypes?
They present feminism in a positive and influential light. Usually it;s shown as radical and never makes change but in this magazine it;s shown as a force than can influnce anyone.
2) What representations of race, ethnicity and nationality can be found in the 'Speaking Out' feature?
It also promotesthe idea that no religion disvalues femininity. The first lady to be interviewed was of Somali background and then presents her ethnicity as a different view to what would normally be said when talking abut female rights.
We can see an overall diverse line-up of writers and people who feature in OC.
3) What representation of women and femininity can be found in Oh Comely?
The dominant representation of women is that they are powerful and able to stand up against the patriarchy.
4) Why might Oh Comely deliberately under-represent men? (The absence of men in the magazine appears to be a largely deliberate move by the editors).
There are many magazines that value men as the winners of the world whereas there are very little that soley focus on women. They might under-represent men because they feel like they have been left out of a topic that focuses on fighting against male-dominated outlets.
5) Does Oh Comely fit into the possible fourth wave of feminism? Or is it evidence of post-feminism - that feminism is no longer needed?
It fits into 4th wave because it tackles issues surrounding the feminist community, they wouldn't do well if feminism didn't exist.
The feminist movement is multi-faceted and doesn't just rely on raising awareness.
7) Judith Butler argues gender is a performance. How does Oh Comely challenge traditional gender roles? You should refer to both the cover and the selected CSP features.
Gender is something these women, both writers and readers, have embraced. They build their idea of femininity around them while discovering the fundemental issues surrounding feminism. The cover page suggests that women make their beliefs and gender a part of their lifestyle. The features also oppose Butler's ideas as these women have embraced gender and not conformed to societal beliefs.
8) Liesbet van Zoonen has suggested women's bodies are objectified and artificially constructed to present women as passive and restricted to secondary roles. How does Oh Comely challenge this stereotypical representation of women in the media?
OC empowers women to feel proud about who they are. They have no bikini features or any get-fit-quick tips. It encourages women to speak up about issues regarding the feminist community so sexualising women wouldn't really be the right thing to do.
9) David Gauntlett argues that identity is becoming more fluid, media representations change over time and that there are generational differences. Does Oh Comely support this viewpoint?
Yes because if OC was released in the 60s, they would get tons of hate as there was just two genders, men and women. OC supports new and emerging movements which have all stemmed from the idea of gender fluidity. They cover progressive topics which definitely agree with Gauntlett's view.
10) It has been argued that Oh Comely is a far more open text (Stuart Hall - encoding and decoding/reception theory) with more room for negotiation in interpretation. Do you agree with this view? Why?
I agree with this view as because this is about feminism, we can bring in all the previous waves. It has a lot of information and context to give and this a more open topic with a variety of opinions such as Butler and Gauntlett.
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